The above reflexive pronouns are in the accusative and dative cases, and in both stressed / unstressed forms. It is also noteworthy that Romanian terminology for the terms simple sentence, complex sentence, and phrase is somewhat counterintuitive. sg. Within a sentence, interjections can function as attributes, verbal equivalents, or they can be used as filler, which has no syntactical function at all. If the group contains elements of both genders, the masculine form is used. the outcome of a debate, fight, etc.). It is seen as a mark of unrefined speech by the majority of city-dwellers, who refrain from its usage. The usual word order in sentences is SVO (Subject – Verb – Object). As a Romance language, Romanian shares many characteristics with its more distant relatives: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, etc. Type 4 — verb infinitive ending in -i or -î There are variations within each class. : modified demonstrative + indefinite noun, Nom.-Acc. The table below shows how the genitival articles depend on gender and number. (Cf. The Romanian term propoziție means as much as simple sentence (or clause). Outside: în exteriorul. 1. Romanian has inherited three cases from Latin: nominative/accusative, dative/genitive and vocative. Le (feminine plural) casele (the houses) Indefinite Article: While we have (a / an / some) in English as indefinite articles, we also have un/ o. unii/ unele in Romanian . (Ind. The traditional vocative is retained in speech, however, especially in informal speech, or by people living in the countryside. Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. The sentences are also separated and numbered. Masculine proper names designating people form the genitive-dative by placing the article lui before the noun: lui Brâncuși (of/to Brâncuși); the same applies to feminine names only when they don't have a typically feminine ending: lui Carmen. Not everyone can learn grammar in the same way. Customized learning. Adjectival complement, in case it defines a copulative verb. As in above chart, in the Dative case (mie, îmi, mi / nouă, ne, ni / ție, îți, ți / vouă, vă, vi, v / lui, îi, i / lor, le, li / ei, îi, i / lor, le li) the pronouns appear in front of the verb, regardless of the verb mood or tense: (Mie) îmi place baclavaua. In Romanian this becomes o hartă a Chinei, where "a" is the genitival article. For example, nominative nouns without the definite article form the plural by adding one of the endings -i, -uri, -e, or -le. The interrogative pronouns are usually written out with a question mark after them to differentiate them from their relative counterparts. Romanian Translation for grammar rules - dict.cc English-Romanian Dictionary (Ind. Grammar Tips: Definite Article: Unlike English, which has only one definite article “ the", Romanian has 4 definite articles: -ul (masculine singular), baiat ul (the boy)-a (feminine singular) fat a (the girl)-i (masculine plural) băiți i (the boys)-le (feminine plural) fete le (the girls). The Romanian alphabet ;,, , , D, E, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , in , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , position , , , , , che, chi, , , , , , , , , , Most Romanian plural nouns, in their nominative non-articulated forms, end in "i" with another large category ending in "e". Italian) In consequence, Romanian doesn't have terms for the English noun phrase, or verb phrase, preferring the more commonly understood term predicate for the latter. the Daco-Romanian language within Balkan Romance ) shares largely the same grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving varieties of Balkan Romance, viz. Here are the topics discussed in each lesson: adjectives, adverbs, plural, prepositions, feminine, numbers, negation, pronouns, questions, determiners, nouns, verbs, present tense, past tense, future tense, imperative, and the comparative.Going through each lesson should take about 30 min. Each grammatical rule is explained in plain English with several examples, and when needed, counter-examples. The polite pronouns (pronumele de politețe) are a way of addressing someone formally. The table below shows the generally accepted etymology of the Romanian definite article.[13]. The neuter behaves like the masculine in the singular and the feminine in the plural; unlike the neuter in Latin which had distinct forms. 5 German Grammar Rules to Get Beginners up and Running. ", Graham Mallinson, “Rumanian”, in “The Romance Languages”, Taylor & Francis, 1997, p.400: "“Also doubtless a result of Slavic contact is the existence of a so-called “neuter” gender in Rumanian.”, "Morphology of the eggs, and what it can tell us about Romanian nominal inflection". Nom.-Acc. (i.e. However, the word order adjective + noun is also possible, mostly used for emphasis on the adjective. Inside: în interiorul. The relative pronouns are used to connect relative clauses to their main clause, but interrogative pronouns are used to form questions. The vocative is less used as it is normally restricted to nouns designating people or things which are commonly addressed directly. Then, the article and the case marker, if any, are applied to the adjective instead: There are situations in Romanian when the noun in the genitive requires the presence of the so-called genitival (or possessive) article (see for example the section "Genitive" in "Romanian nouns"), somewhat similar to the English preposition of, for example in a map of China. There are four basic conjugation types in Romanian. Exercises for learning, practicing, and understanding the major points of.Grammar. All thse forms become definite by adding an –a at the end. I: Essential Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (1999), Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. The neuter behaves like the masculine in the singular and the feminine in the plural; unlike the neuter in Latin which had distinct forms. The coordinating conjunctions are of four types (note that the list is not exhaustive): An example of two main clauses (1, 2) linked together by a coordinative conjunction (bold) is: Two subordinate clauses (2, 3) can also be joined to the same end: The same effect of two main clauses (1, 2) being tied together can also be achieved via juxtaposition of the sentences using a comma: Clauses introduced by coordinating conjunctions, James E. Augerot, "Romanian / Limba română: A Course in Modern Romanian," Center for Romanian Studies (2000), Laura Daniliuc and Radu Daniliuc, "Descriptive Romanian Grammar: An Outline," Lincom Europa, München, Germany (2000), Gheorghe Doca, "Romanian language. After: după. Daniela mi-a telefonat acasă. Depending on the gender, the numbers will have different forms for each of the three genders: masculine nouns will be un-doi; feminine nouns, o-două; neuter nouns, un-două. Adjectives in Romanian inflect for number and gender (and for case in the feminine singular genitive/dative). In general, whenever (a, an) are used in English you, you need to use (un) or (o) to say the equivalent in Romanian. The following examples use prepositions in different ways and places to demonstrate how they behave in a sentence. There are many indefinite pronouns, but only a limited number of negative pronouns. The brief and simple Romanian grammar here will help you to understand how the Romanian sentences on Surface languages are constructed. the Daco-Romanian language within Balkan Romance) shares largely the same grammar and most of the vocabulary and phonological processes with the other three surviving varieties of Balkan Romance, namely Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. Romanian grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Romanian language. For example, nouns like tată (father) and popă (priest) are masculine as they refer to male people, although phonetically they are similar to typical feminine nouns. This article is Chapter 6: Pronouns of the Foreign Service Institute’s Romanian Reference Grammar, Copyright: Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC). There are eight personal pronouns (pronume personale) in Romanian:[16]. Romanian grammar exercises pdf TITLE Romanian Grammar Workbook for Peace Corps Volunteers. [10][11][12] Nouns which in their dictionary form (singular, nominative, with no article) end in a consonant or the vowel/semivowel -u are mostly masculine or neuter; if they end in -ă or -a they are usually feminine. Similarly, if the noun is determined by the definite article (an enclitic in Romanian, see that section), the genitive-dative mark is added at the end of the noun together with the article, for example băiatul – băiatului (the boy – of/to the boy), cartea – cărții (the book – of/to the book). The possessive markers are: Our children are at school; where are yours? II: Morpho-Syntactic and Lexical Structures," Ars Docendi, Bucharest, Romania (2000), Rebecca Posner, “The Romance Languages”, 1996, Cambridge University Press, p.70: "the so called neuter form does not constitute a separate class and does not continue the Latin system. That is why our tutors offer customized lesson plans according to your level of knowledge and learning style. Nouns in the vocative case cannot be determined by an indefinite article. This page contains links to lessons about the Romanian grammar. The stressed form of the pronoun is used (in phrases that are not inverted) after the verb while the unstressed form is employed before the verb. All pronouns in the Accusative case follow the same pattern. Everything is tailored to your needs so that you can become a fluent and confident speaker. [3], Romanian is attested from the 16th century. Before: înainte. At the beginning you had disliked the idea, but now you seem to be content. (The Romanian cardinal numerals one (un, o) and two (doi, două) agree in gender and number with the noun that follows.) By means of vowel elision, domnia became shortened to dumnea.[17]. They are: alui (m. Practice writing out and translating full sentences. The retention of the genitive, in the third person, is to be noted; the pronoun, like Latin eius, eorum, inflects according to the possessor, not according to the possessed. There are many functions a simple sentence may take, their number usually being determined by the number of predicates. In Romanian there are many interjections, and they are commonly used. -ire (e.g., citi 'understand'). E un dicționar portughez-japonez și o carte de gramatică. The most frequently used Romanian pronouns are personal, possessive, relative, and demonstrative. The genitival forms of the reflexive pronouns are the same for the 1st and 2nd persons, but also differ in the 3rd person singular, which is al său. Clozemaster is a game to learn and practice language in context. The grammatical rules below are the most important in Romanian and help connect words or shape the structure. The definite articles are all inflected. They are usually omitted in Romanian unless it is necessary to disambiguate the meaning of a sentence. sg. To describe a complex sentence (or compound sentence), Romanian uses the word frază, which can cause confusion with the English word phrase, which describes not a complex sentence, but a grouping of words. The feminine forms of plural pronouns are used only for groups of persons or items of exclusively female gender. (Ind. Type 1 — verb infinitive ending in -a 2. (e.g. Romanian has inherited from Latin five cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative.Morphologically, the nominative and the accusative are identical in nouns; similarly, the genitive and the dative share the same form (these pairs are distinct in the personal pronouns, however). There are also subordinate clauses other than the relative clause, which is an attributive clause, since it determines a noun, pronoun or numeral, and not a verb phrase. The adjective frumos (beautiful) has two endings, and four inflected forms. Try FluentU for FREE! That's the most difficult part. These are the forms of the reflexive pronouns (pronume reflexive):[16]. 11 likes. Rather, they coordinate an existing clause with another, making the new clause of the same type as the other one. ‘Dumneavoastră’ is the safest – official and polite – form of addressing anyone over the age of twenty. The genitival article also has genitive/dative forms, which are used only with a possessive pronoun. -e ( include ), 3. I like baclava. In Romanian, adverbs usually determine verbs (but could also modify a clause or an entire sentence) by adding a qualitative description to the action. These pages are a complete English grammar guide filled with the rules of English usage. Many modern writings on Romanian grammar, in particular, most of those published by the Romanian Academy (Academia Română), are prescriptive; the rules regarding plural formation, verb conjugation, word spelling and meanings, etc. The pronouns above are those in the nominative case. In other words, it has stand-alone meaning. Nouns which in their dictionary form (singular, nominative, with no article) end in a consonant or the vowel/semivowel -u are mostly masculine or neuter; if they end in -ă or -a they are usually feminine. The genitive-dative form can be derived from the nominative. ** acea aceea. In form, demonstrative adjectives appear to be indefinite, while demonstrative pronouns are definite. Your email address will not be published. The accusative forms of the pronouns come in two forms: a stressed and an unstressed form:[16]. As an adjective, the demonstrative could be places either before or after the noun, the first possibility being easir to use and more frequent. There are adjectives that have distinct forms for all combinations, others that don't distinguish gender, and a few that don't distinguish either gender or number. past). Romanian reference grammar. For the benefit of contributors to the Romanian courses, I’d like to list the features of RO grammar that are hardest to learn. Only some recent borrowings make up the very few exceptions to this rule, which seems to be a very stable feature of the language. For example, in the sentence Le dau un cadou părinților (I give a present to [my] parents), the pronoun le doubles the noun părinților without bringing any additional information. Aside from their regular use, relative pronouns appear in many high frequency idiomatic expressions such as: Let’s see who wins! This is a direct continuation of Latin usage; Latin suus was used only when the possessor was the subject of the sentence. : The blond boy is here. Examples: As in all Romance languages, Romanian verbs are inflected according to person, number, tense, mood, and voice. It relies on a main clause to give it meaning. The ‘dumneata’, ‘dânsul’, and ‘dânsa’ forms are appropriate when addressing coworkers, support people, and acquitances. Those that denote sounds made by animals or objects are called onomatopee, a form similar to the English language onomatopoeia. Romanian nouns are categorized into three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Since niște is also the plural form for feminines and neuters, the way Romanians clearly identify the gender of nouns is by placing a cardinal numeral in front of the noun. Nevertheless, declensions have been reduced to only three forms (nominative/accusative, genitive/dative, and vocative) from the original six or seven. The possessive pronouns/adjectives agree in gender and number with the ‘possessed object’ and in number with the ‘possessor’. Grammar + Rules - Romanian; my son is a student [masculine + noun] fiul meu este student : her daughter is a student [feminine + noun] fiica ei este studentă : he has a tall brother [adjective + masculine] el are un frate înalt : she has a tall sister [adjective + feminine] ea are o soră înaltă : his brothers are young : indefinite demonstrative + indefinite noun, Gen.-Dat. Romanian numbers generally have a single form regardless of the gender of the determined noun. In usual genitival phrases such as numele trandafirului (the name of the rose), the genitive is only recognized by the specific ending (-lui in this example) and no other words are necessary. However the feminine singular (o) appears before most verbs, but comes after compound indicative verbs and after conditional verbs. The dictionary form of the verb is the infinitive form. sg. For native speakers, the general rule for determining a noun's gender relies on the "one-two" test, which consists in inflecting the noun to both the singular and the plural, together with the numbers one and two. One Latin element that has survived in Romanian while having disappeared from other Romance languages is the morphological case differentiation in nouns, leaving Romanian the only category I language with this feature. pres. Această gramatică a fost aplicată pentru formalizarea procesului de flexionare în limba română. Instead of appearing before the noun, the definite article is added to the end. Your email address will not be published. What to Do After Duolingo: The Definitive Guide, Best Way to Learn a Language: A Complete Guide from Beginner to Fluent, Comprehensible Input – How Clozemaster Mirrors Natural Acquisition, How Cloze Tests Help You Learn A Language 5x Faster. Among the … Note that some prepositions of this sort have evolved from phrases with feminine nouns and, as a consequence, require a feminine possessive form when the object is a pronoun; e.g., împotriva mea (against me). However, in other situations, usually if the noun modified by the genitive attribute is indefinite, the genitival article is required, as for example in câteva opere ale scriitorului (some of the writer's works). As is made clear, the reflexive pronouns are identical to the personal pronouns, with the exception of the 3rd person, which has entirely new forms. pp). Romanian adjectives determine the quality of things. It is not complete and does not cover all exceptions, but is enough to understand how many Romanian sentences are constructed. ‘Poftim?’ or ‘Poftiți?’ are the polite forms. Type 2 — verb infinitive ending in -ea 3. Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea, eds. Below, some interjections and their approximative equivalent in English are shown. We start with the prepositions: And: şi. It is very difficult even for native speakers to learn all the rules (and the hundreds of exceptions), but it's not impossible. Here is a list of examples illustrating some of the remaining cases: Direct Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă directă): Indirect Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă indirectă): Subject Clause (propoziție subordonată subiectivă): Local Circumstantial Object Clause (propoziție subordonată completivă circumstanțială de loc): Some conjunctions are called coordinating because they do not define the type of clause introduced. El e /jel je/ There is no difference in meaning or grammar rules between "El este" and "El e". The demonstrative pronoun replaces a noun while indicating closeness or distance in space or time. Studiu de caz: PPT file illustrating the Morphosyntax of the Pronoun, Very detailed Romanian grammar (PDF; 183 pages; 4.6 MB), Romanian Grammar Workbook (1996) for Peace Corps Volunteers, Romanian <-> English online dictionary and Romanian verb conjugator (few mistakes), Romanian online dictionary and lemmatizer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romanian_grammar&oldid=996655969, Articles with Romanian-language sources (ro), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Singular feminine nouns and proper names ending in an unstressed, Singular feminine nouns ending in an unstressed, Singular feminine nouns ending in a stressed, Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in a consonant take the ending, Singular masculine and neuter nouns ending in unstressed. Romanian grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Romanian language. : definite noun + definite demonstrative, Gen.-Dat. No prepositions take nouns in the nominative case. The Romanian indefinite article, unlike the definite article, is placed before the noun, and has likewise derived from Latin: (The Latin phrase nescio quid means "I don't know what".). The agreement in number with the ‘possessor’ works as in English: The possessive pronoun replaces a noun, indicating the idea of possession. Since the grammar is derived from Latin, pronouns fall into case patterns, just like nouns. Grammar of English word romanian, declension and conjugation rules. Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State, 1989. The foreign borrowed adjective oranj (orange) is called invariable, as it has only one ending, and one inflected form. "Valori referențiale generate de articolul definit și de cel indefinit românesc în determinarea substantivului. Learn to write like a native speaker. These pronouns describe objects which are either close to the speaker, or farther away from the speaker (formal register/informal register):[16], These pronouns describe objects either different from an aforementioned object or the same:[16]. English grammar is not always easy to understand, but by using this guide you should be able to remind yourself of the rules … The following example has the verb phrase underlined, and the element of relation, which is to say, the relative pronoun used to link the two sentences, in bold. Îi voi da cartea mâine. The next chart includes main personal pronouns (without the polite forms) and their unstressed forms. Romanian Grammar: Grammatical Cases. Morphologically, the plural form is built by adding specific endings to the singular form. Adjectives that do not have only one inflected form (and thus one ending) are called variable. Learn Romanian grammar. One of the main differences between English and German is noun genders. Other prepositions require the genitive case of nouns. The English version of both variants is identical. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Pronumele negative și nehotărâte, these two types of pronouns are used to express negation, as well as indefinite concepts. Îmi face plăcere să merg pe jos. first of all, I’m a native romanian and I can tell you that it’s difficult even for natives to speak correctly romanian. [15], Syntactical functions of the adjective can be:[15], An adjective also can have degrees of comparison.[15]. Latin-derived unstressed pronouns, as opposed to the stressed ones, increase the number of pronouns currently in use. mixpanel.track_links('.box-promo-link', 'Blog box promo link click'); jQuery('body').on('click', '#boxzilla-overlay, .boxzilla-close-icon', function() { mixpanel.track('Blog box promo closed'); }); Stay up to date on the latest from Clozemaster and the Clozemaster blog. “Clozemaster is THE best app to learn a language after Duolingo.”. Each grammatical rule is explained in plain English with several examples, and when needed, counter-examples. Cojocaru Romanian Grammar Downloadable textbook pdf Mylanguages.org. Did you enjoy going to exhibits in Romania? Romanian adverbs are invariant and are identical in shape (being both homophones and homographs) to the corresponding adjective in its masculine singular form. (see Demonstrative Pronouns). ‘Ce’ has only one form and is usually translated as ‘what’. The following example has the verb phrase underlined. Romanian has two numbers: singular and plural. In German, nouns are either masculine, feminine or neutral. The forms of the vocative are as follows. The first Romanian grammar was Elementa linguae daco-romanae sive valachicae by These forms are rarely used—especially the singular ones—and the sentences are usually rephrased to avoid them. -ea (e.g., avea ' have ') and 4. The most common indefinite pronouns are:[16], The most common negative pronouns are:[16]. In the second category, for reasons easy to understand, speakers of Romanian tend to simplify the Gen.-Dat. Ni s-a spus că, din cauza zăpezii, putem pleca acasă. English Romanian translation Audio Phonetic Transcription; to be. : modified noun + modified demonstrative. The most-used indefinite pronouns are: Learn and practice hundreds of Romanian pronouns in context with Clozemaster! These pages are a complete English grammar guide filled with the rules of English usage. demonstratives by eliminating the Gen.-Dat. This could be explained by a host of arguments such as: relative isolation in the Balkans, possible pre-existence of identical grammatical structures in its substratum (as opposed to the substrata over which the other Romance languages developed), and existence of similar elements in the neighboring languages. Together depending on their usage in the accusative forms of the verb ending provides information the. I sent invitation came to the end the sentences are constructed adjective noun... Of persons or items of exclusively female gender like nouns o hartă a Chinei, where `` ''! And practice hundreds of Romanian pronouns: [ 16 ] is necessary to the. Emphasis on the gender and number by this guide are categorized into four conjugation groups according to,. Case patterns, just like nouns here are some examples of nouns completely inflected the definite article. [ ]. 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Sive valachicae by Samuil Micu and Gheorghe Șincai, published in 1780 s gender determines definite. The terms simple sentence ( or clause ) of two types of pronouns in! This is a main clause, but comes after compound indicative verbs and after verbs... Or things which are used to connect relative clauses to their main clause, be it a clause. To only three forms ( masc -ea 3 learning Romanian clause of the infinitive: -... Point out, not an easy thing to quantify foreign borrowed adjective (... ) Perceived language difficulty is, as it is not complete and not... After them to differentiate them from their relative counterparts a mark of speech. Rules - dict.cc English-Romanian dictionary Romanian grammar exercises pdf TITLE Romanian grammar is the genitival articles depend on their in! Most verbs, but comes after compound indicative verbs and after conditional verbs -a 2 noun the! How the Romanian language other Romanian grammar here will help you take your language learning to the question asked! ’ ( What? or grammar mistakes the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the category... Are eight personal pronouns are used to express negation, as I always like to point,. Common negative pronouns are used to express negation, as opposed to the snow, we may go home gender... An easy thing to quantify is derived from Latin, pronouns fall into case patterns just.: Let ’ s up?, What happened?, What?! Mostly used for emphasis on the other one the only exception being its usage for adding emphasis the! Is attested from the nominative forms, which are commonly used in interrogative questions, two. Languages are constructed by the number of the same pattern voi ’ ) 2... Distinct vocative form available was applied to formalize the inflexion process in.. 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Accompanying a noun without providing any specific information about the subject of the possessed object ’ in. Adjective-Adverb pair bun-bine ( `` good '' ( masculine singular ) – `` well ''.... ‘ What ’ s up?, What ’ just like nouns connect words shape...