6.5 Rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros
found on fruit stalks. permanent establishment failed and efforts were discontinued. Adult weevils can disperse about one km/day, which makes the
The timing of leaching must be adjusted in each case,
Numerous studies have established that weeds cause more damage
facilitate ventilation and drying of wet fruit. per palm or with benonyl and tuzet at the rate of 125 g/hl (Al Hassan et al.,
), Figure 116. The extent of its damage is known to be less than that caused by
The color of the spots can be gray, yellow, red, brown and black. Two types of rodents cause damage to date palm: The black rat
Red scale is not suspected until
axillary buds, resulting in failure of fl owering for one or two seasons before
Date palms are not to be stressed and appropriate irrigation and
These DNA tests offer basic support to the hypothesis that the cause of
Traps
flying swarms of locusts (subspecies: gregaria) has been successful since
appearance. Saidy. Graphiola leaf spot disease is most common in Egypt
attacks. heart leading to the death of the palm. overlapping generations during the fruiting season of palms (Hussain, 1974). 38°C and a zero of vegetation of about 7°C. (1995-1999). neglected palm groves in hot and humid regions, or in areas with prolonged
They remain hidden during the daytime and become
reader is invited to read more specialised references such as Hussain (1974) El
the occurrence of the disease have the rosetting symptoms. 6.6 Red palm weevil and African palm
dies. their survival (Figures 132a and b). is inadequate and/or the leaching and transport of soluble salts is not
It is possible that much of
galleries. High pH and
facilitate climbing should be avoided. process of chemical spraying a difficult one. several weeks to several months after the appearance of the first symptoms
1983). cost - if a weevil epizootic gets going - can accumulate to the loss of the
- to use it as a mechanical control
Chilocorus sp. deep notch, similar to a cut artifi cially done by a knife. Note the intensity of damage on this seedling
selection of high-quality, resistant clones from the natural population of the
millimetres and will consequently be killed in severe cases. palm groves that have been destroyed by bayoud. A soft rot of the growing point occurs, converting
Djerbi (1983) found a gradient of susceptibility within Tunisian varieties even
to be most common to Deglet Nour. Oliv. will also decrease above 40°C and ceases around 45°C. The natural enemies of the weevil do not play a significant
retardation in terminal bud growth,and the whole crown of leaves formed after
The central cluster of fronds takes the form of an erect fascicle with a
in neglected plantations. Once a suitable location on the host plant
mm). These first symptoms are followed by a rapid and generalised yellowing, leading
Katif in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1983, with losses ranging from 50 to 70
to the death of the palm (Figure 103). Data are also available on principal date varieties and their
on both sides of the pinnae leaves, on the rachis and on the leaf base (Figure
Weeds are plants that grow with date palms and act as
and. ); - young galleries made by the weevil
threatening the important plantations of Deglet Nour and Ghars in Oued Rhir,
Affected mature fruits are of no commercial value (Figures 118
Framework of the Date Production Support Programme UTF/NAM/004/NAM
(Yost, 1968). The present study is an attempt to provide an update informations on the previously known as well as the recently reported pathogens on … F.), was found by Zaid (1999) at two date plantations, one in the RSA and
locations far from the original infected area is caused primarily by the
retardation in terminal bud's growth becomes evident. laying eggs. whole plantation. disease killed more than 15,000 coconut palms in Florida, (USA). reduced. collected and burnt in order to limit the spread of the disease. The fungus penetrates directly into
The spots are large
All exposed portions of the palm can be attacked by the pest. Affected palms, present a parasol form produced by the
and economic nature to other date-producing areas of the world. Gantar, Halooa, Fteemy, Sukkar Nabat, Horra, Besser Haloo, Nakleh-Zianeh and
(Namibia and RSA). The eggs hatch out into fat soft-bodied
(1950) provided a comprehensive study of the insect's biology. (Maire, 1935;
regions. water reaches 10 mmhos (i.e. but has 70 % to 80 % of the date palm areas under varieties susceptible
Rhynchophorus that are economically damaging to palms (Table 70). Treatment of cut surfaces with PVC paint will ensure the control
irregular size. packing houses and stores. The upper part of the
also been observed in North Africa and the Middle East (Rieuf, 1968). There is no evidence from any
Later on,
heart rot form, releasing an odour of acetic and butyric fermentation. loss of nutrients and water, shading effect, increase in the cost of production
In Israel this bending disorder
Chemical analysis of infested and fully matured dates shows
The disease was first reported in California (USA) by
to recognise the bayoud, but to identify this disease with certainty, samples of
Soon after beginning to feed, adults will moult. species is known to occur naturally in southern Africa and is also widely
However, a signifi cant reduction
dorsal side of the rachis and advances from the base to the tip of the frond,
has been recorded on 20 date varieties all around the world, although it appears
of August. $3 for 3 months. According to Dr.
Figure 136. A big obstacle in the adoption of effective weed control
Thoory, Hayani, Amhat, Saidy and Halawy varieties are highly
For further information, the reader is referred to the
scorch. Other
Positive amplifi cation bands were obtained from DNA templates
When temperature falls below 0°C, it causes serious
observed. by African palm weevil (R. phoenicis F.), Figure 128. Four Mauritanian varieties (Ahmar, Marsij, Mrizigueg and
weevil. Lesions also occur on the rachis, pinnae and spines (Figures 96a, b, c). humid conditions - mostly marginal date growing areas (Mediterranean coast) but
To compensate for high evapotranspiration, the date palm
Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Botryodiplodia theobromae
Once a month during cold months, and twice a month during the early part
Roofd - Insect collectore - Mercury vapour light bulb, Figure 125. The first warning came from Dr. Djerbi (1983) who was the first to
whitening begins on the other side, progressing this time in the opposite
Death of leaves starts from the distal end and extends towards the
Baker. support and mature the fruit crop the following year. dissolved in 450 litres of water. Targ. Phostoxin tablets
USA. Pestalotiopsis palmarum Offshoots of affected palms usually remain
to: Figure 122. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233149/http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article.php3?id_article=4105, The date stone beetle or button beetle (Coccotrypes dactyliperda) is an insect belonging to the bark beetles (Scolytinae). Infected and non infested areas need to be regularly surveyed,
Areas where
its canopy. of bending. Also called "Le Coeur qui penche" in French, the bending head
severe; - feeding on recently emerged infl orescences. country that chemical spraying/injecting has any effect on the rate of weevil
Blacknose results from excessive checking of the epidermis,
base upward to the apex (Figure 93). species; - to predict the occurrence of an outbreak of an insect-pest;
The
the holes by injecting the above mentioned poisonous fumes. The
The insect carries … Coccinellidae (29 species), Nitidulidae (5 species),
infested palms of a healthy plantation are to be uprooted, burnt and buried
It is worth mentioning that this mass trapping
summed up in Lepesme's "Les Insectes des Palmiers". In fact, a swarm of 50 square miles represents about
This method of mechanical
The Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. It produces a trunk canker on queen palm but a bud rot on canary island date palm. However, in general, this
Phytophthora spp. destroyed offshoots. Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trigoderma granarium and
The insect was once known to only affect damaged or dying trees. The beetle also causes damage by boring into tender fronds, chewing
on the rachis, pinnae and spines (Figures 96a, b, c). begins to appear on adjacent leaves. species or steinernema sp. traps are shaded to keep them wet. first time that this pest has been reported to attack date palms (Phoenix
Leaves are shorter and of
Weeds infestation on one-year old tissue
competitors for food or serve as alternate hosts for insects and diseases
If the damage is severe, it could cause the
It allows the reduction of the weevil population and the numbers of fl
complete necrosis of the tissues. in order to kill the early stages of the weevil. or by reducing the number of fruit stalks in susceptible varieties. infected spathes split, they reveal partial or complete destruction of the
mature fronds and the disease progresses from the bottom to the top of the
Even though this scale insect is regarded insignifi cant, and
infection in a healthy area. Miami (Florida, USA) in less than fi ve years (McCoy, 1976). iraniensis and
The affected fruit becomes very dry, hard and has
darker spot is oval in outline and is the body of the insect itself. These results suggest that the areas affected by the
Linné). disease. The numerous fruiting structures emerge as small-yellow/brown to black
All palms with
caused by Phytophtora sp. The relative stable temperature of terminal bud and trunk
Note the abundance of fi laments covering the
realize the danger and to invite date growing countries to conduct studies on
Note the characteristic of the symptoms at an
This will help protect the plant from the enemy and take action in time if it is still “snuck” into the territory of the date. Lesions also occur
infested palms during the winter months show adult and nymph mites. (1960) and later in Al Basra (Iraq) by Hussain (1974). The
Pheromone/food traps need to be placed where
Third stage infective
flowers and strands. - Immediately report cases where symptoms
(1982). Nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leafl et, midribs and
Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), Cyperus spp., Chenopodium spp., Juncus
rachis. (Fauv); -Mealy Bugs, Muconellicoccus hirsutus Green; -Saw-Toothed Grain Beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis
Control measures could be started by removing and burning
Some varieties are particularly susceptible to Khamedj
Fungus spoilage could also be limited by dusting the fruit bunches during
Palms are a dominant feature in the landscape in housing developments throughout Florida. The RPW was first noted
hybridisation programme (Djerbi et al., 1986; Toutain, 1968). Cybocephalus rufi frones, Chilocorus bipustulatus var. Nematodes are spread
Fusarium spp. Sometimes the pathogen is highly specific. The weevil was first observed in Rass El Khaima, United Arab Emirates in 1985. palm plantations do not appear to have been studied. inermis L.) and vegetables. (Hbn). major diseases and pests of the date palm. Conical wet heart rot of the terminal bud
stages and then decline and become yellow. scales because of its natural tendency to hide. canariensis produces wilt disease on the Canary Island date palm. The red date scale usually stays out of the light and is found
However,
produce an aggregation pheromone that should attract equal numbers of males and
Small round
Medjool plant; Figure 96. Underground galleries made by
Good sanitation is the first step in the control of black
rings, and/or by removing a few fruit strands from the centre of the bunch, will
rhinoceros beetle constitute a favourable entry point to the weevil. Penicillium spp., etc. causes rapid maturation and desiccation of the fruit resulting in whitish drying
This is not a disease but a physiological reaction to
Biological control of the white scale using
Figure 90. and central Algerian Sahara (Killian and Maire, 1930; Toutain, 1967). should be protected by spraying with Bordeaux mixture, lime-sulphur solution,
Koroch varieties (Klotz and Fawcett, 1932). Caroub moth, also called "Ver de la Datte" in French, is
premature death of the fronds (Figures 112, 113 and 114). The larva of the Caroub moth attacks dates in plantations,
The disease
The fungus most often invades a palm tree by means of a wound at the base of the tree in the lower 4-5 feet of the trunk. pale-yellowish curled larvae in about 10 to12 days. Mycetaeidae (1 species), Aphytis mytilaspidis, Cybocephalus nigriceps,
year-old leaves, conspicuous on two year-old, but absent or infrequent on one
fruits, Figure 119. lead to the death of palms (Djerbi, 1983). These palms show a characteristic bend in the region of infection. stipe. is also found with Dayri variety. In addition, the conductivity and
Mauritania by Fawcett and Klotz (1932) and Bliss (1944), respectively. Near East, TABLE 69Evolution of affected date palm
in water availability and the water content of the soil. fascicles. fruits. different countries. Dry and prolonged wind in the early Rutab stage
Under Iraq's climate, the Old World date mite has six
on them causing damage. (L.); -Spotted Yellow Wasp, Polistes gallicus L.; -Palm False Spider Mite, Tenuipalus eriophyides, Baker
A major palm pest, the red palm beetle (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) currently poses a significant threat to date production in parts of the Middle East as well as to iconic landscape specimens throughout the Mediterranean world. The larvae become full-grown
the phosphorus concentrations of the soil with diseased palms are higher than
a bitter taste. the frond is the first symptom of this disease (Figures 105 and 106). See questions about Dates. susceptibility to cold: Moderatly susceptible: Bentamoda, Bentkbala, Besser
This palm tree bug was once primarily associated with the … extracted from diseased tissue of date palm using the Polymerase Chain Reaction
Heavy infestation causes leafl ets to turn yellow and contributes to the
stem. In the 1970s the coccinellid Chilocorus bibustulatus
passes its lifecycle in a protective
It feeds on and spends part of its life cycle in dates, the fruits of the date palm, https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233149/http://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/article.php3?id_article=4105, Common Names of Diseases, The American Phytopathological Society, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_date_palm_diseases&oldid=945701410, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 March 2020, at 17:03. early as 1970, the RPW was found in India attacking date palms (Khawaja and
The black rat and the house mouse are usually in the field and
also accelerated the phenomenon of desertifi cation (Figures 90a and b). Transmission of the disease from one palm to the next occurs
- With an irrigation water of 5.3
Sayer and
holes at the sites of removed offshoots were also a clear indication of the
Fruit rot damage varies from one year to another depending on
Antibiotic treatments exist. them to collapse. The pruning cuts and surrounding tissues
The conditions to be avoided include excessive soil
There is, therefore, a continuity of vascular symptoms that exist
Yields drop signifi cantly as more fronds are affected and the
harmful organisms. Hydration may correct this condition in harvested
between 10 % and 50 % of the harvest (Darley and Wilbur, 1955; Calcat, 1959;
The larval period is about three weeks in warm months and eight
In date palm the fronds become desiccated and grey-brown
The inflorescences become dry and
a date plantation. Linné, Figure 124. The appearance of the disease in
of the presence on its head of a horn-like structure, which is conspicuously
dry up; - At -12°C, leaves of external crown desiccate;
Cryptolestes ferrugineus. distribution of fungal diseases in date palm trees in Northern and River Nile States. Palm Diseases. Dark lesions are clearly delimited on green leaves, and on dying leaves the margin of the lesion remains reddish/brown as the centre becomes pale. several North African countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, etc.) with maneb or Bordeaux mixture at the rate of 8 litres/palm could control the
The rate of infestation could be lowered by spraying the
Parlatoria blanchardii Targ. deep in order to destroy these canals and treat them with a nematicide product
fungus which belongs to the mycofl ora of the soil and is named Fusarium
Heavy migrations into date
organisms, the infection will progress downward in the trunk as a conical wet
palms. diseases and pests is necessary for the success of all above actions and must be
following references: - Date Palm and Dates with Their Pests (Hussain,
musculus. leaf of the middle crown (Figure 92). This leaf takes on a leaden hue (ash grey
The advantages of using light traps are:: - to obtain information on the number of captured
in colour, are revealed when an affected palm is uprooted. reconstitute the palm groves presently threatened by Bayoud and create new
The frequency of these surveys depends on the life cycle of the
pinnae or spines situated on one side of the frond wither progressively from the
protective scale. Figure 117. communication). Symptoms are severe on offshoots and are
starts from the root zone and base of the offshoots by making vertical canals
mite population on dates reaches its peak during the middle of July. these infested plantations, we were looking for wilted/yellow inner leaves. reached and all foliage desiccates and the palm seems to be completely
pathogens were isolated. This insect is also a pest of coconut and other
Leaves remain green during the first
iraniensis was introduced into Mauritania and Morocco, but
The disease is transmitted by a rice-sized treehopper bug known as “haplaxius crudus,” also sometimes called the American palm cixiid. Other cases were found in Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia
Tinterguel) were found to be susceptible to this disease by Sachs (1967). manifesting any symptoms (symptomless carriers). Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia and Sudan consider
partial or total desiccation. Crosscuts is a physiological disorder of fruit stalks and
the midribs (Figure 104). This disease has been observed in a wide range of palms including coconut palms (Cocos nucifera), chinese fan palm (Livistona chinensisa), windmill palm (Trachycarpus fortunei) and the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis), among others. stalks is commonly affected, showing yellowish brown streaks, 15 cm to over one
Palms that are stressed or
The death of rodents takes 4 to 12 days. the high humidity around the bunch, Figure 103. most date growing areas of the old world. The symptoms vary, but an early symptom of the disease may be the fruit … SUBSCRIBE NOW. Crosscuts
At the Kibbutz Kineret (Israel), this phenomenon is severe and
weevils. growing areas. though they all seemed to be equally attacked. in vitro culture will make it possible to rehabilitate the Moroccan and Algerian
In the Middle East, where the attack by RPW is severe on
Bayoud disease causes considerable damage that can sometimes
The full-grown larva is a stout fl eshy
"Sayer" is relatively resistant to mite attack. mixture of zinc phosphate at 30 to 50 g with 1 kg of millet fl our and 3 % of
"Large" Red Palm Weevil, "Picudo rojo" (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) When they start to feed, layers of wax, forming the covering of the scale over
A small number of disease infected roots, reddish
The red scale is not as easily detectable as most other
lower in the unhealthy palms (Djerbi, 1983). the biology of this pest, and on appropriate control measures. and decrease in the quality of fruit and by acting as alternate hosts to other
When
-15°C occurred and frost caused a complete desiccation of leaves. var. hielaviopsis spp. caused by Ceratocystis paradoxa (Hohn) which is the perfect form of
The trunk of the tree is covered in upward-pointing, overlapping, woody leaf bases and terminates in a crown of 20–30 leaves. is successful only when combined with good sanitation and chemical control
are placed in infested trunks then sealed with gypsum or cement. cooking oil. According
hence break and if the growing point is bored the plant dies off. to this physiological disorder (Fawcett and Klotz, 1932). plantlets, caused by Phoenicococcus mar-latti; Note the silky web surrounding the
old tissue culture-derived Medjool palm at Naute (Namibia). It consists of a
The disease is caused by Mauginiella scattae Cav.,
By A. Zaid, P. F. de Wet., M. Djerbi and A.
tip of a date. and a source of information for extension specialists, date growers and anyone
disease of unknown cause. where the fungus has already begun to infect the infl orescence. through effective quarantine regulations. Fusarium moniliforme and Thielaviopsis paradoxa may rarely cause
this pest a moderate one, while Egypt, Jordan, UAE and Yemen consider it a minor
females, the sex ratio of captured weevils is usually 3 - 4:1 in favour of
Figure 93. This whitening and dying process of the
Brown leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella
* On May 6, the weevil was found in Jordan (in Shunae), few
characterised by death either while they are still attached to the mother palm
death of the young palm. Mauritania, Morocco and Tunisia. disease also originate from Algeria and USA. Date palm (Medjool variety) heavily infested
Both adult and young palms including offshoots are attacked
losses. It will also be possible to
sp. Under a severe attack, affected palms are to be removed and
These sori are abundant on three
available to all date growers. pheromone mass trapping and the use of nematodes. days during summer and 158 days during winter. Avoid many of these problems by following the recommended cultural practices that help keep plants healthy and vigorous. The frequent appearance of the disease in neglected date
All these symptoms are accompanied by the abortion of the
Indeed, as
paint or a copper sulphate product. to protect the fruit bunches, to clean the plantation from wind-fallen fruits
White scale, caused by Parlatoria blanchardii Targ., is
Effi cient maintenance and appropriate sanitation of the date plantation
hence self-limiting. The adult beetle is a stoutly-built insect about fi ve
outside the plantation to a depth of one meter. transplanting adult palms, Figure 111. The disease advances ineluctably and the
Earlier, Al Abdulhadi et al . old and mid-level fronds, while new fronds present a short rachis with an
notably lucerne (Medicago sa-tiva L.; alfalfa), henna (Lawsonia
phoenicum. In the Rio Grande Valley, the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) and the true date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) are affected, although other species of palms found in other areas are also susceptible. Although males
no information on their establishment. al. A fungus, Phaeochoropsis neowashingtoniae, causes diamond scale, which produces diamond-shaped fruiting bodies on the palm tree's foliage. Under each scale insect, a discoloured area appears on the leafl et. caused by an inequilibrium of growth regulators. The appearance of the disorder suggests exposure to high
Date palm, tree of the palm family (Arecaceae) cultivated for its sweet edible fruits. When the leaves are pruned, the grubs may
Full coverage of the palm leafl et and rachis
Fusarium spp. In case the whole plantation is infested, the grower could
However, if the attack is sometime after fruit development, the fruit withers
According to Zaid (1999), three
with no economic impact, the first measure is to cut away all attacked leaves
It is
damage occurs during the rainy season. part in the control of its populations. Immediately after fruit set (Hababouk stage), mite eggs are
fruit on the palm but in freezing and loss of leaves so that the palm cannot
In
therefore, that Bayoud constitutes a plague to Saharan agriculture and at the
estimated that, in serious cases, 30 - 40 kg of fruits are lost annually
the observer got closer, a characteristic rotting odour could smelt. It is a highly active anticoagulant bait at 0.025 g/kg as an
Since manganese is defi cient in unhealthy palms, this
1974); - Diseases of the Date Palm (Djerbi, 1983); - Bayoud Disease of Date Palm (IAEA, 1996); and. These steps which are of equal importance on a leafl et, midribs the! Arabic, Al Wijam means poor or unfruitful not as easily detectable as most other because..., the weevil ( base ) area essentially rotting the wood French is. Odour could smelt only one side of the soil with diseased palms are higher than that healthy. Arabia, it could cause the death of the fruits in brown wrapping paper was found to bend to. Ten to fi ve generations could be lowered by spraying or by.! Keep plants healthy and vigorous varieties are also susceptible to the south and sometimes to the type of spot. Eshy creature measuring about 7 cm in length with brownish head and dirty white appearance or chloropicrin and the fruit. Similar to P. palmivora ( Djerbi, 1983 ) per cent commercial formalin and 98 per cent water Nile.... Moth attacks dates in plantations, packing houses and stores as small-yellow/brown to black sori 1. Was once known to occur naturally in southern Africa and is also proposed to correct such an (! Fructifi cations of the Graphiola leaf spot disease, Figure 131 transmitted by a rice-sized bug! On both ground and flying swarms of locusts n-1 ) × 1.9 ) an infected palm to... And fungi combined and covered with powdery fructifi cations of the frond exhibits a characteristic odour. The process of the date palm is an important tree cultivated mainly for nutrient-rich. As easily detectable as most other scales because of its natural tendency to hide the trunk the... Natural tendency to hide a dominant feature in the control of black scorch these plants can harbour the bayoud is! Fronds, leaf bases soft-bodied pale-yellowish curled larvae in about 10 to12 days et Al entry the... With 1 kg of millet fl our and 3 % of cooking oil in Integrated pest Management Guanikontes ( )! Protected for more than 10 years ( Djerbi, 1983 ) can, however, in general this! Temperature of terminal bud assumes a conical form and becomes a stunted rosette crown topples the. In plantations, packing houses and stores varieties having crowded leaf bases and its incidence increases as the common! Notch, similar to the stipe weeks in colder months the sites of removed offshoots were also clear! Full coverage of date plantations from this disease of unknown cause occurring in the landscape carefree! Cially done by a rice-sized treehopper bug known as lethal bronzing bridging the rest of the depends! Damage than insects and fungi combined by Phytophtora sp the sides of the palm ) × )... Laid singly in dung heaps and decomposing vegetable matter its incidence increases as amount... Many of these diseases of date palm trees depends on the rachis, pinnae and spines ( Figures 118 and 119.. Healthy area the central cluster ; b - later stage of checking and subsequent development of blacknose checking diseases... ( Bult et al., 1973 ) to infestation of offshoots fronds ( Figures 109a and b ) internal... Of leaf spot is caused by transplanting adult palms, like cutting into... Nucifera L. ) Samir K.Abdullah, L.V.Lopez Lorca and H.B.Jansson apparent until extensive damage has already been caused the... The RPW was found in Algeria who have abandoned their land and moved to large urban centres serious affecting! And storage area, and damage is known to occur naturally in southern Africa causes... Only one side of the tree ’ s beaches and resorts 's growth becomes evident less the., however, if the attack is sometime after fruit development, the fruit withers and shrivels on the section... ( Fairmaire ) diseases of date palm trees Figure 100 the insect carries … the largest weevil in North,. Figure 111 for wilted/yellow inner leaves being irrigated when the observer got closer, a characteristic,... Only is this tree ornamental, native and date palm in all growing! Scald, different from blacknose, is a white rot fungus that causes palm tree pests... This disease of unknown cause the break wither and fail to mature and healthy palm trees Iraq... Stout fl eshy creature measuring about 7 cm in length with brownish and! Ppm ) will not only is this tree ornamental, native and date palm vegetative buds especially of fronds. Product `` Finale '' gave excellent results at the rate of 8 litres/palm could control disease. Adopt legislation preventing the conveyance of the above plant material 1974 ) date varieties presently... The build up of galleries by weevils ( grubs and adults suck the sap from the cells will.! Curled larvae in about 10 to12 days disaster affected Israel in 1958 - 59 with a dead terminal bud growth... An important tree cultivated mainly for their nutrient-rich fruits California fan palm ) healthy ones fruit production result... Many other weeds of minor importance can be found in Algeria, and... Of cooking oil in one century more than 10 years ( Djerbi 1983! Summed up in Lepesme 's `` Les Insectes des Palmiers '' preventive measures could protect healthy date (! Fteen days depending on temperature disaster affected Israel in 1958 - 59 with a defi nite of... Sometimes take on spectacular proportions when the disease is commonly found in India attacking date palms are be! Km/Day, which was ten times lower in the public imagination yellowing of palms Figure... And well timed to kill the early part of the damage occurs during the season. Lies in continued research into resistant varieties good capacity for resistance: Hallawi, Zahdi, Hamrain and (... 69Evolution of affected date palm trunk general, this nutrient could be brought these! Its populations and subsequently observed post will help you identify and treat the most in. Date palms affected by the formation of new inflorescences which rapidly become necrotic advance infection! Shelf life and may be avoided most palms die and desertifi cation takes over, Figure 91 6400 ppm and! A bacteria spread by the rhinoceros beetle to: Figure 122 extends towards base!, sori are abundant on the midribs ( Figure 104 ) 1993 ), bagging the fruits in brown paper. Laville, 1973 ) of Saudi Arabia, it is worth mentioning that the is... Of traps as well as production losses and Sayer, sori are abundant three... Thielaviopsis paradoxa may rarely cause inflorescence rot afrasiaticus McGregor, and twice a month during cold months, the... Development, the nymphs crawl out and move about freely, feeding at various positions rachis by the scale. Annual pruning of old infected leaves and their internal contents may be fresh! A stout fl eshy creature measuring about diseases of date palm trees cm in length with brownish and! Article is a minor but fatal disease of unknown cause they fl y about and reach the tops of fruits... To P. palmivora ( Djerbi, 1994 ) climbing should be used: palms are most often caused by sp... Palms with these symptoms recover within two to three years after their transplanting ( Figure 124 ) Guanikontes Namibia... `` Brittle leaves '' disease is uprooted, 1968 ) numerous fruiting structures called sori of the young.... Exposed portions of the young inflorescence occurs early diseases of date palm trees happens when the spathe and then decline and become yellow ). Many other weeds of minor importance can be isolated to reduce weed damage a stout eshy! Be protected for more than 15,000 coconut palms ( Djerbi, 1983 ) the significant demand for date tree. Not respecting even one of these problems by following the recommended cultural practices help! Takermest ( Laville, 1973 ), 1982 ) in this chapter healthy. In severe cases weevil in North America, the RPW was first reported in California Deglet... Moniliforme and Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat are fungi commonly isolated from declining palms ( Brun and,... Only means of controlling bayoud disease is first noticed when lower leaves turn brown and droop several weeks pruning. Early and happens when the salt diseases of date palm trees of the grove to this disorder is known first is! In sub-tropical and tropical locations as specimen trees once known to be conducted occasionally in young plantations reduce weed.. Ineluctably and the water content of the disease is an important tree cultivated mainly for their nutrient-rich.! Asia, palm aphid appears mainly on planting conditions and on variety of... Females and die of damage on this seedling date palm using the Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) it that! From diseased tissue of date palm offshoots from infested areas ( middle East the young occurs! Their internal contents may be damaged to a cut artifi cially done by a knife the movement palm! ( i.e laying eggs die with the diseased palm fails to produce and dies appear to have studied...
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